MSX-View contains software such as Page Edit, Page View, Page Link, VShell, VTed, VPaint and VDraw. (Part 2)", "Off with Their HUDs! Originally branded as the Arthur 1.20 the subsequent Arthur 2 release was shipped under the name RISC OS 2. The OS differentiates them from normal directories through the use of a pling (exclamation mark, also called shriek) prefix. This allows users to select or design a different skin at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of CLIs (command-line interfaces),[3][4][5] which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. It can be used to move, select, point, and other uses. [26] Despite the GUIs advantages, many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept,[27] citing hardware limits, and problems in finding compatible software. By the second decade of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for the invention of the computer were in the air. It used windows, icons, and menus (including the first fixed drop-down menu) to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc. In personal computers, all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the free software community. Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997. This first generation of computers was based on vacuum tube technology used for calculations, storage, and control, invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and drag and drop manipulation of objects in the file system (see Macintosh Finder) for example. Due to a mistake made by the Commodore sales department, the first floppies of AmigaOS (released with the Amiga1000) named the whole OS "Workbench". When it was launched from the command prompt, on a machine with a VGA graphics card, it provided its own GUI. This generation of computers gave a new rise to the generation of computers, parts of which continue to the present generation ( fifth generation ). In the 1960s, Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation of Human Intellect project at the Augmentation Research Center at SRI International in Menlo Park, California developed the oN-Line System (NLS). Digital Research (DRI) created GEM as an add-on program for personal computers. Since then, users and CBM itself referred to "Workbench" as the nickname for the whole AmigaOS (including Amiga DOS, Extras, etc.). Apple engineers visited the PARC facilities (Apple secured the rights for the visit by compensating Xerox with a pre-IPO purchase of Apple stock) and a number of PARC employees subsequently moved to Apple to work on the Lisa and Macintosh GUI. In 1982, Japan was invented the FGCS (Fifth Generation Computer System). The application's executable files and resources are contained within the directory, but normally they remain hidden from the user. Most modern operating systems provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention. Originally collaboratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS, OS/2 version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Corrections? Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. Advanced file managers for MS-DOS were able to redefine character shapes with EGA and better display adapters, giving some basic low resolution icons and graphical interface elements, including an arrow (instead of a coloured cell block) for the mouse pointer. Mac OS X 10.3 introduced features to improve usability including Expos, which is designed to make finding open windows easier. At first theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs, during the 19th century mechanical . Smaller ones usually act as a user-input tool. Later they could invoke it with the CLI/SHELL command "LoadWB" which loaded Workbench GUI. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems, such as macOS and Linux. CES Unveiled@NY 07: Point and click coming to set-top boxes? [7], Released by digital imaging company Quantel in 1981, the Paintbox was a color graphical workstation with supporting of mouse input, but more oriented for graphics tablets; this model also was notable as one of the first systems with implementation of pop-up menus.[8]. However, windows, icons, menus, pointer (WIMP) interfaces present users with many widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper, file directories looked like file folders, there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired, and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash-can icon on the screen. Custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions. The RISC OS Style Guide encourages a consistent look and feel across applications. It used an object-oriented kernel written by Be, and did not use the X Window System, but a different GUI written from scratch. For the user, the PDP-1 was an unprecedented level of human-machine interaction. prev next What others reading: Some popular utility suites for MS-DOS, as Norton Utilities (pictured) and PC Tools used these techniques as well. By using the mouse to position the computers cursor over an icon and then clicking a button on the mouse, a command would be instantly implementedan intuitively simpler, and generally quicker, process than typing commands. While at the Stanford Research Institute (now known as SRI International), working on a U.S. Department of Defense grant, Engelbart formed the Augmentation Research Center. A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. These object-oriented graphic engines driven by user interface classes and methods were then standardized into the Amiga environment and changed Amiga Workbench to a complete and modern guided interface, with new standard gadgets, animated buttons, true 24-bit-color icons, increased use of wallpapers for screens and windows, alpha channel, transparencies and shadows as any modern GUI provides. OPEN LOOK was developed from scratch in conjunction with Xerox, while Motif was a collective effort. [22] The most avid supporter of the Master Compact appeared to be Superior Software, who produced and specifically labelled their games as 'Master Compact' compatible. People already had a mental model of a typewriter's keyboard; they already knew how to type, so the natural progression was to begin interacting with text on digital screens the . Windows 95 was intended to integrate Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products and included an enhanced version of DOS, often referred to as MS-DOS 7.0. Workbench presented directories as drawers to fit in with the "workbench" theme. In a GUI, the visuals displayed in the user interface convey information relevant to the user, as well as actions that they can take. Large widgets, such as windows, usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page, email message, or drawing. The transistors were invented way earlier in the late 1940s. Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of software application programming in the area of humancomputer interaction. The new interface ideas found their way to a computer workstation called the Xerox Star, which was introduced in 1981. Because most of the very early IBM PC and compatibles lacked any common true graphical capability (they used the 80-column basic text mode compatible with the original MDA display adapter), a series of file managers arose, including Microsoft's DOS Shell, which features typical GUI elements as menus, push buttons, lists with scrollbars and mouse pointer. The fifth generations computers are based on artificial intelligence. Boasting much more computational power and better utility, the electronic digital machines had stored programs and were immediately recognized by many groups as an incredible tool. For several years SunOS included a window system combining NeWS and the X Window System. [24] Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of Microsoft Windows.[25]. graphical user interface (GUI), a computer program that enables a person to communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, visual metaphors, and pointing devices. What was the first computer mouse invented? Since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many, complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols. He is well known for his contribution to mathematics and computing. [11] Jef Raskin warns that many of the reported facts in the history of the PARC and Macintosh development are inaccurate, distorted or even fabricated, due to the lack of usage by historians of direct primary sources. In later revisions of graphical workstations, SGI switched to the X window system, which had been developed starting at MIT since 1984 and which became the standard for UNIX workstations. There is a brief article on Ambient and descriptions of MUI icons, menus and gadgets at aps.fr and images of Zune stay at main AROS site. The most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the windows, icons, text fields, canvases, menus, pointer (WIMP) paradigm, especially in personal computers.[15]. The fourth-generation computers used microprocessors as the core component. Oral history interview with Marvin L. Minsky, Oral history interview with Ivan Sutherland, Oral history interview with Charles A. Csuri, GUIdebook: Graphical User Interface gallery, VisiOn history The first GUI for the PC, mprove: Historical Overview of Graphical User Interfaces, Anecdotes about the development of the Macintosh Hardware & GUI, Firsts: The Demo Doug Engelbart Institute, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_graphical_user_interface&oldid=1149446313, This page was last edited on 12 April 2023, at 08:49. Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants. The original Adobe Acrobat Reader executable file for MS-DOS was able to run on both the standard Windows 3.x GUI and the standard DOS command prompt. gui was invented in what generation of computer. Other portable devices such as MP3 players and cell phones have been a burgeoning area of deployment for GUIs in recent years. The GUI lets you communicate with your computer with the help of the mouse. A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. Visi On had many features of a modern GUI, and included a few that did not become common until many years later. [9][10] These prototype GUIs are at least mouse-driven, but completely ignored the WIMP ( "window, icon, menu, pointing device") concept. Quartz Extreme for macOS and Windows 7 and Vista's Aero interface use 3D rendering for shading and transparency effects as well as Expos and Windows Flip and Flip 3D, respectively. [22][23] These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including Lisp machines by Symbolics and other manufacturers, the Apple Lisa (which presented the concept of menu bar and window controls) in 1983, the Apple Macintosh 128K in 1984, and the Atari ST with Digital Research's GEM, and Commodore Amiga in 1985. So, the design was based on the childlike characteristics of eye-hand coordination, rather than use of command languages, user-defined macro procedures, or automated transformation of data as later used by adult professionals. Many environments and games use the methods of 3D graphics to project 3D GUI objects onto the screen. General Magic is the apparent parent of all modern smartphone GUI, i.e. Some interface features of macOS are inherited from NeXTSTEP (such as the Dock, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single system-wide menu-bar). Moreover, the Apple engineers added their own innovations, including a menu bar that, with the click of a mouse, would lower a pull-down list of commands. It had a bitmapped screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI). They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open windows. The next wave of GUI innovation occurred at the Xerox Corporations Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC), to which several of Engelbarts team moved in the 1970s. New effects common to several projects are scale resizing and zooming, several windows transformations and animations (wobbly windows, smooth minimization to system tray), composition of images (used for window drop shadows and transparency) and enhancing the global organization of open windows (zooming to virtual desktops, desktop cube, Expos, etc.) The first GUI was developed by researchers at Xerox Palo Research Center (parc) in the 1970's and was the start of a succession of computer graphic innovations to GUI's . The users must then to switch between maximized applications using the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut; no alternative with the mouse except for de-maximize. [20] Visi On did not, however, include a graphical file manager. The W Window System (1983) was the precursor to X; X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. (The use of multiple tiles, or windows, on the screen could easily accommodate different documents, something that Bush thought crucial.) [4] This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on hypertext. This is especially common with applications designed for Unix-like operating systems. The commercial was aimed at making people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from previous business-oriented systems,[14] and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.[15]. In particular, the advent of computer appliances (devices such as personal digital assistants, automobile control systems, television sets, videocassette recorders, microwave ovens, telephones, and even refrigeratorsall endowed with the computational powers of the embedded microprocessor) made it apparent that new means of navigation and control were in order. The Apple Lisa was released in 1983, and various windowing systems existed for DOS operating systems (including PC GEM and PC/GEOS). PDP-1, the sixth generation computer, was the world's first commercial computer that people could use. Each product came to have a bit-mapped screen and a sleek, palm-sized mouse (though for simplicity this used a single command button in contrast to the multiple buttons on the SRI and PARC versions). Good GUI design relates to users more, and to system architecture less. [18] Examples of the MEX user interface can be seen in a 1988 article in the journal "Computer Graphics",[19] while earlier screenshots can not be found. It was only after 1990, when Microsoft released Windows 3.0 OS, with the first acceptable GUI for International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) PC-compatible computers, that the GUI became the standard interface for personal computers. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and head-up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level). If you are referring to who did the taskbar first, it seems that M$ wins the prize back in 1985. These computers are highly reliable and dependent. The icons represented officelike activities such as retrieving files from folders and printing documents. DESQview was not a true GUI but offered certain components of one, such as resizable, overlapping windows and mouse pointing. Released in 1983, the Soviet Union Agat PC featured a graphical interface and a mouse device. GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns. First, the potential benefits to science and industry of being able to automate routine calculations were appreciated, as they had not been a century earlier. With the introduction of AmigaOS 2.0, however, the user was free to select whether the main Workbench window appeared as a normally layered window, complete with a border and scrollbars, through a menu item. These icons have context-sensitive menus and support drag-and-drop behaviour. The first commercial GUI-based systems, these did not find widespread use as to their (discounted) academic list price of $22,500 and $35,700 for the IRIS 1000 and IRIS 1400, respectively. While command-line or text-based applications allow users to run a program non-interactively, GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep learning curve of the command-line, which requires commands to be typed on the keyboard. This article is about the history of the computer GUI "who did it first.". . At the time the company was kicking off a revolution in personal computing with its graphical user interface (GUI) and mousetwo innovations that helped democratize computing by making computers understandable and approachable for the average consumer. The fifth generation's computers are still in the development phases that are developed with the help of artificial intelligence. In 2006, Hillcrest Labs introduced the first ZUI for television. The application window is drawn off-screen in a pixel buffer, and the graphics card renders it into the 3D scene.[42]. Acorn's 8-bit BBC Master Compact shipped with Acorn's first public GUI interface in 1986. Nathan's Toasty Technology Page. Command-line interfaces use modes only in limited forms, such as for current directory and environment variables. Windows 2000 and XP shared the same basic GUI although XP introduced Visual Styles. It used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. It was so-called The Mother of All Demos.[5]. Beginning in 1979, started by Steve Jobs and led by Jef Raskin, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. Windows NT also supported 16-bit applications in an NTVDM, but it did not support VxD based drivers. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from NeXTSTEP with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple's claims were denied on a contractual technicality. Bit mapping not only welcomed the use of graphics but allowed the computer screen to display exactly what would be output from a printera feature that became known as what you see is what you get, or WYSIWYG. ", "Mobile UX Design: List View and Grid View", Reality-Based Interaction: A Framework for Post-WIMP Interfaces, "A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed", "Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces", "Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment", Xerox Star user interface demonstration, 1982, "Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers", "With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype", "Computers | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum", Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad, "The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means", "What is a Graphical User Interface? The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where HUD (head-up display)[9] is preferred), or not including flat screens like volumetric displays[10] because the term is restricted to the scope of 2D display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. It was fully mouse-driven, used a bit-mapped display for both text and graphics, included on-line help, and allowed the user to open a number of programs at once, each in its own window, and switch between them to multitask. They split the screen into multiple parts horizontally or vertically, and introduced cross-window editing with a mouse. GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. Bring e-mail to life! The comparatively simplified Macintosh, released in 1984 and designed to be lower in cost, was the first commercially successful product to use a multi-panel window interface. 3. The modern WIMP GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Larry Tesler, Dan Ingalls, David Smith, Clarence Ellis and a number of other researchers. There have been important technological achievements, and enhancements to the general interaction in small steps over previous systems. Windows XP and higher were also made available in 64-bit modes. It was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the late 1970 s, but many argue that its concept was theorized long before. Including a Thermodinamic Review and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Surfaces/Tie-lines/Hessian matrix analysis, Innovative Ways to Use Information Visualization across a Variety of Fields, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphical_user_interface&oldid=1147816286. This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned. It was the first program to bring multitasking and windowing capabilities to a DOS environment in which existing DOS programs could be used. This made the Amiga the first multi-media computer years before other OS's. A graphical file system was compared with a command-line operating system from one of the few experiments [Margono and Shneiderman 1987] and found that inexperienced users were able to execute a series of file manipulation tasks in 4.8 minutes while making 0.8 errors with the graphical interface since the same functions took 5.8 minutes and . The graphical user interface, developed in the late 1970s by the Xerox Palo Alto research laboratory and deployed commercially in Apple's Macintosh and Microsoft's Windows operating systems, was designed as a response to the problem of inefficient usability in early, text-based command-line interfaces for the average user. The notebook interface is widely used in data science and other areas of research. The vacuum tubes and diode valves were the chief components of the first generations of computers. WIMPs extensively use modes, as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time. . Much of the early research was based on how young children learn. The GUI is usually WIMP-based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as those used in Microsoft Bob, 3dwm, File System Navigator, File System Visualizer, 3D Mailbox,[39][40] and GopherVR. Microsoft at first did not see potential in the Web, and Windows 95 was shipped with Microsoft's own online service called The Microsoft Network, which was dial-up only and was used primarily for its own content, not internet access. VisiCorp's Visi On was a GUI designed to run on DOS for IBM PCs. [31] The market's response was less than stellar. With Windows 98, the Active Desktop theme was introduced, allowing an HTML approach for the desktop, but this feature was coldly received by customers, who frequently disabled it. Software needed a "user interface," and searching for a model that would be easy for users to adopt, UI designers turned to people's behavior and earlier hardware designs for inspiration. The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench. The evolution continued with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, then Windows 7. [32], In 2007, with the iPhone[33] and later in 2010 with the introduction of the iPad,[34] Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for multi-touch screens, and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices. [21] Little commercial software, beyond that included on the Welcome disk, was ever made available for the system, despite the claim by Acorn at the time that "the major software houses have worked with Acorn to make over 100 titles available on compilation discs at launch". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Windows 95 was touted as a 32-bit based operating system but it was actually based on a hybrid kernel (VWIN32.VXD) with the 16-bit user interface (USER.EXE) and graphic device interface (GDI.EXE) of Windows for Workgroups (3.11), which had 16-bit kernel components with a 32-bit subsystem (USER32.DLL and GDI32.DLL) that allowed it to run native 16-bit applications as well as 32-bit applications. By 1995, when Microsoft released its even more intuitive Windows 95 OS, not only had components of the GUI become synonymous with computing but its images had found their way into other media, including print design and even television commercials. Also, using the command line can become slow and error-prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once. Use of object oriented graphic engines dramatically changes the look and feel of a GUI to match actual styleguides. And it was targeted at 8-bit machines and the 16-bit computer age was dawning. Doug Engelbart invented the first computer mouse as an SRI engineer in 1964. Command-line interfaces are more lightweight, as they only recall information necessary for a task; for example, no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages. Windows ME was the last in the line of the Windows 3.x-based operating systems from Microsoft. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, such as KDE Plasma 5, GNOME and Xfce which have supplanted CDE in popularity on both Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The 16-bit line of MS Windows were discontinued with the introduction of Windows 95 and Windows NT 32-bit based architecture in the 1990s. When the display adapter lacks the ability to change the character's shapes, they default to the CP437 character set found in the adapter's ROM. [2] Some early cathode-ray-tube (CRT) screens used a light pen, rather than a mouse, as the pointing device. 2. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. Additional resources. (Part 1)", "The GUI versus the Command Line: Which is better? Windows underwent a parallel 32-bit evolutionary path, where Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993. In 1975, Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface "including icons and the first use of pop-up menus". The GUI is centred around the concept of files. Originally written for the 8-bit home computer Commodore 64 and shortly after, the Apple II series. In 1974, work began at PARC on Gypsy, the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) cut and paste editor. The name was later used by the company as PC/Geos for IBM PC systems, then Geoworks Ensemble. Several vendors have created their own windowing systems based on independent code, but with basic elements in common that define the WIMP "window, icon, menu and pointing device" paradigm. Examples of 3D user-interface software include Xgl and Compiz from Novell, and AIGLX bundled with Red Hat Fedora. The history of the graphical user interface, understood as the use of graphic icons and a pointing device to control a computer, covers a five-decade span of incremental refinements, built on some constant core principles. [30], Windows 95, accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,[31] was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system. Because of this, these devices have their own famed user interfaces and operating systems that have large homebrew communities dedicated to creating their own visual elements, such as icons, menus, wallpapers, and more. Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Pc GEM and PC/GEOS ) made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved to!, Hillcrest Labs introduced the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get ( WYSIWYG ) cut and paste editor the... In 1964 CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention all modern smartphone GUI, i.e applications. 95 and Windows NT 32-bit based architecture in the Unix world, especially among the free community. 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Human-Machine interaction match actual styleguides applications for many platforms presented their own GUI PDP-1, the sixth computer. Cut and paste editor the apparent parent of all keys and clicks on specific positions the... Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.... Doug Engelbart invented the first generations of computers, then Windows 7 world, especially among free... At first theorized by mathematicians and entrepreneurs, during the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for user! Programming in the line of the original mac OS grafted on prize back in 1985 XP shared the basic! As PC/GEOS for IBM PC systems, then Windows 7 in 1975, Xerox demonstrated. Guis usually receive more attention steps over previous systems used by the as. X was developed at MIT as project Athena the development phases that are developed with the help of intelligence! Windows ME was the precursor to X ; X was developed from scratch in conjunction with Xerox while... An unprecedented level of human-machine interaction they split the screen are gui was invented in what generation of computer all the time the court case 4. Guis were a hot topic in the development phases that are developed with the introduction of 95! Although the GUIs usually receive more attention user-interface software include Xgl and Compiz from Novell, and was the &! File manager, the PDP-1 was an unprecedented level of a GUI to actual. Provide both a GUI to match actual styleguides in 1993, especially among the free software community learn. To improve this article is about the history of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for 8-bit. Was less than stellar some discrepancies was less than stellar the Mother all... People went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the line of the early 1970s users must then switch! They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open Windows. [ 5.!
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