Storyteller and filmmaker Nicolas Heller, aka New York Nico, takes us on a journey from his childhood making short films around his neighborhood, to pursuing a music video-directing career in Los Angeles, to becoming what he calls the unofficial talent scout for New York City. As of 1962, General Aniline remained the sole producer of the immensely profitable acetylene derivatives in the United States. 658 Active issued patents globally. One bright spot was the work of the brilliant chemical engineer, Dr. Jesse Werner, who led the task of replicating the formulas of all the important compounds that were formerly produced at the parent company in Germany. .TTIptext { font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; }, Below, we examine the compound annual growth rate CAGR for short of an investment into GAF shares, starting with a $10,000 purchase of GAF, and working forward through the historical stock price information to today. One bright spot was the work of the brilliant chemical engineer, Dr. Jesse Werner, who led the task of replicating the formulas of all the important compounds that were formerly produced at the parent company in Germany. Will His AI Plans Be Any Different? Ansco's concentration during this period shifted from the amateur photographic market to the commercial market, and the subsidiary handled substantial government contracts as well. Although representing only a fraction of the rich history of GAF Corporation, GAF Materials Corporation was the top company in its field, was growing rapidly, and continued to proudly carry the GAF name. All three takeovers were ultimately thwarted, but the first two netted huge amounts of cash for GAF through the company's sale of its stock shares in the targeted firms. The components for GAF Energy's building-integrated solar products are currently produced in South Korea, but manufacturing will be shifted to the new San Jose, California, factory beginning later this year, according to Martin DeBono, president of the company, which is a unit of private conglomerate Standard Industries. Throughout its 140-year history, Standard has leveraged its deep industry expertise and vision to create outsize value across its businesses, which today include operating companies GAF, BMI, Grace, GAF Energy, Siplast, Schiedel and SGI, as well as related businesses Standard Investments and Winter Properties. This transformation began in 1991 when Heyman engineered an initial public offering of GAF Chemicals, newly named International Specialty Products, Inc. (ISP). The Bayer Company was seized by the U.S. government during World War I because of its German ownership and was sold at auction to Sterling Products in 1918. Heyman still owns most of GAF Corporation and remains the company chairman. Standard Industries Appoints Bob Patel to New Position of President, Standard Industries . 2012 First company to offer lifetime limited warranty on entire roofing system. AnswerThePublic listens into autocomplete data from search engines like Google then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question people are asking around gaf materials corporation on 02 Jan.. SAN JOSE, Calif., Jan. 3, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- GAF Energy, a Standard Industries company and a leading provider of solar roofing in North America, today announced the launch of Timberline Solar . The company also facilitates commercial tax equity financing for large-scale rooftop solar projects. This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 17:56. Over the following 18 months, however, GAF attempted hostile takeovers of engineering plastics and specialty chemicals concerns, Union-Carbide Corporation and Borg-Warner, and of a construction and industrial gas firm, CBI Industries. A benchmark in General Aniline's history came on March 9, 1965, when the 23-year control by the U.S. government ended with the biggest sale of stock by competitive bidding in Wall Street history. For more information, visit www.standardindustries.com. Stock futures build gains, Treasury yields rise, with earnings in focus; Netflix nudges higher as investors eye paid sharing effect on profits; Goldman Sachs gains as bank earnings re-take center stage on Wall Street; Johnson & Johnson earnings on deck with Kenvue IPO, talc bankruptcy in focus and Nvidia shares jump after HSBC upgrade on ai chip prospects. Agfa-Ansco's roots dated to a photographic supply business, the Edward Anthony Company, set up in New York City in 1842. GAF (GAF) has the following price history information. In 1921 Standard Paint recognized the importance of its flagship product by adopting a new name, The Ruberoid Company. The rise of cheap, foreign-made panels over the past decade has enabled solar energy to become cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the United States. From 3BL Media: Corporate Social Responsibility, Energy and Health News. In 1988 GAF acquired Sutton Laboratories, a leading manufacturer of cosmetic preservatives. GAF Energy Completes Build Out Of First U.S. Hudson River was later acquired by the leading German chemical firm of the late 19th century, Frederick Bayer & Company, which renamed it the Bayer Company in 1913. Bumps After Botox Forehead, For all other properties, misapplication coverage term is 25 years. GAF's shares in CBI netted a smaller but still significant $7 million. GAF Energy. "I know we're outliers today in making this decision," DeBono said, citing the strong support from GAF Energy's parent company, which has pledged to spend $1 billion on building technologies including solar. The asbestos-containing products ranged from roofing shingles and siding to insulation and numerous other construction-related products. Articles G. Copy and paste multiple symbols separated by spaces. In seeking this objective, the Fund uses a sampling strategy. The 1980s culminated for GAF with the company being taken private in 1989 through a $1.4 billion highly leveraged buyout led by Heyman and 75 other members of management; only $43 million in cash was put up as part of the deal. The company has historically been primarily focused on manufacturing of roofing materials for residential and commercial applications. We're excited to lead the next generation of clean energy adoption. All told, during this period the company had seven different chief executives and over 80 directors. Press Releases April 5, 2023. were to provide competition to other American chemicals firms and to exploit the patents of I.G. 2011 First company to offer lifetime limited warranty on all laminated shingles. [3] GAF's rich history covers more than 150 years and includes separate ownership by German chemical giants Frederick Bayer & Company and I.G. In the 1920s an I.G. Type a symbol or company name. We'd love to see you here! Dyes joined with a handful of prominent American businessmen&mdashong them Edsel Ford, president of the Ford Motor Company; Walter Teagle, president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey; Charles Mitchell, chairman of the National City Bank; and Paul Warburg, chairman of the Industrial Acceptance Bank&mdash form the board of directors of the American I.G. Farben acquired Grasselli in 1928, Farben changed Grasselli's name to General Aniline Works, Inc. In March 1996 GAF sold the sole radio station owned by GAF Broadcasting--by that time known as WAXQ&mdash the Entercorn radio group for $90 million. As a point of interest, the camera used by the astronaut John Glenn was a modified Ansco Autoset. The SW7437 3 4 IN with NSN 5315011183791 i s available in stock! 86% of retail CFD accounts lose money, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our. The 1980s culminated for GAF with the company being taken private in 1989 through a $1.4 billion highly leveraged buyout led by Heyman and 75 other members of management; only $43 million in cash was put up as part of the deal. In addition, GAF Energy worked with Sandia National Laboratories, a U.S. Department of Energy research and development lab, to verify the product's strength, durability, and overall market-readiness. Prior to 1940 I.G. Along with the purchase came ownership of an asbestos mine in Vermont. In addition, GAF Energy worked with Sandia National Laboratories, a U.S. Department of Energy research and development lab, to verify the product's strength, durability, and overall market-readiness. Si vous ne souhaitez pas que nos partenaires et nousmmes utilisions des cookies et vos donnes personnelles pour ces motifs supplmentaires, cliquez sur Refuser tout. Daily Vol YTD . View original content to download multimedia:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Plus500. Over five million new roofs are installed on U.S. homes each year. It's designed to install like a regular shingle roof or even faster. The GAF acronym stands for General Aniline & Film. The company's consistent success was earned through a steady performance in the fields of dyes, chemicals, and photographic products. The GAF dividend history graphic shown above is presented after taking into consideration any known stock split occurrences, in order to present the most directly comparable GAF historical dividend comparison possible. Likewise, in 1992 BASF began operation of a new plant in Louisiana to make hair-care specialty chemicals; its modern machinery was more efficient than ISP's outmoded equipment, leading to competitive advantages in terms of time-to-market. Our wide range of products helps provide peace of mind for millions of families and businesses throughout the country. Here are a few takes on how to play these emerging markets. Dyes, the German corporation was involved in most areas of the worldwide chemicals industry, pressing forward with massive investments in research. In fact, General Aniline was the leading U.S. manufacturer of dyestuffs until du Pont caught up in the late 1930s. Chemie remained a front for I.G. Last updated months ago. 10.1 Future Forecast of the Global Building Insulation Materials Market from 2023-2029 Segment by Region 10.2 Global Building Insulation Materials Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2023 . GAF is proud to promote sustainability across all areas of our business. included dyestuffs; pharmaceuticals; solvents; lacquers; photographic products and films; synthetic silk and other fabrics; a range of nitrogen products, including chemical fertilizers; and an array of other organic and inorganic chemicals. Jim Schnepper is the President of GAF, an operating subsidiary of Standard Industries.[4]. The SPDR S&P Emerging Middle East & Africa ETF (the Fund) seeks to provide investment results that, before fees and expenses, correspond generally to the total return performance of an index based upon the Middle Eastern and African emerging markets. Two exchange-traded funds may reap the benefits from Africa's economic growth as the world seeks the continent's natural resources. January 18, 2016 - PARSIPPANY, NJ GAF, North America's largest roofing manufacturer, will continue to have a considerable presence at the International Builders' Show, taking place January 19-21 in Las Vegas. In addition, Ozalid's management was even more erratic than that of parent General Aniline; between 1957 and 1963 Ozalid had eight chief executives. 1886 Company founded as the Standard Paint Company. One out of every four of those roofs come from GAF, the sister company of GAF Energy and the largest roofing and waterproofing company in North America. A high-level overview of SPDR S&P Emerging Middle East & Africa ETF (GAF) stock. close $63.40 GASL Historical Stock Prices At one time GAF was also active in manufacturing photographic film [2] as well . GAF Energy, which launched in 2019, competes with Tesla Inc TSLA.O in the market for solar panels that integrate with roofs. We're transforming the roofing and solar industries to generate energy from every roof. ", "Realizing our vision of a breakthrough mass-market solar roof has been our mission since we launched GAF Energy in 2019. Shingles and flashing are among the most noticeable roofing materials, but roof nails often get overlookeddespite being just as important as more obvious elements. Protect your roof investment with powerful algae resistance, According to a survey of 380 real estate agents and certified appraisers of single-family residential homes, upgrading a roof with Timberline, A GAF Roofing Academy Success Story: When Training Leads to a Career, The Importance of Commercial Roof Coatings, Building Resilient Communities in New Orleans and Beyond, How to Choose the Right Shingles for Beautiful Home Exterior Design. Location: Focus Search: The company also produced iron powders for the aerospace and electronics industries, products which were developed during the Werner years. Explore GAF for FREE on ETF Database: Price, Holdings, Charts, Technicals, Fact Sheet, News, and more. The building materials division had been the market leader in residential roofing since the 1970s, and in the 1980s the division made major strides in the commercial roofing market. GAINN Historical Stock Prices GAF Industries specializes manufacturing products for residential and commercial industries. gaf materials corporation stock symbol. Volume Open Day's Low Day's High 52 Wk Low 52 Wk High Bid Ask EPS PE Ratio Shares Market Cap Dividend Ex-Div Date Yield. It was a turbulent, minimally profitable time for the company. It is classified as operating in the Asphalt Paving, Roofing & Saturated Materials Manufacturing industry. Tags urban heat GAF Environment. Learn about our people, products, and progress by clicking on our locations across the U.S. below. Its development of small office copiers and all-purpose copiers was sluggish in a booming industry, and its marketing organization was under-equipped with money and personnel. GAF Stock Profile & Price Dividend & Valuation Expenses Ratio & Fees Holdings Holdings Analysis Charts Price and Volume Charts Fund Flows Charts Price vs Flows AUM Influence Charts ESG . Symbol Expense Ratio Assets Avg. SAN JOSE, Calif., Sept. 28, 2021 . Type a symbol or company name. In 1921 Standard Paint recognized the importance of its flagship product by adopting a new name, The Ruberoid Company. In September 1985 Heyman stated, "We have no plans to take over other companies, but we are looking at the possible acquisition of businesses that would complement our existing chemical lines." In 1929 I.G. Typical of the new management's approach to business, Heyman steered much of these cash surpluses back into research for the building supplies and chemicals divisions. It's a goldmine of consumer insight you can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products and services. Come as you are. Here are some of the stocks the 'Fast Money' crew has been talking about lately. Jim Schnepper is the President of GAF, an operating subsidiary of Standard Industries.[4]. 100,000 - 300,000 SF Active Projects Design-Build Design-Build Contractor . Bighorn Actions Military Discount, From the beginning, General Aniline was designed to be largely controlled by and dependent upon German direction and research. Standard Industries Contact: Clayton McGratty, +1 (212)-821-1604 clayton.mcgratty@standardindustries.com. Dyes chemist, Julius Walter Reppe, found a way of handling acetylene under pressure without explosion, something that was previously thought by chemists to be impossible. By the late 1990s the company had spun off its specialty chemicals division, which had been the company's mainstay through most of its history, and was exclusively manufacturing roofing products. Dyes was classed as the largest industrial corporation in Europe. mesurer votre utilisation de nos sites et applications. Two discoveries by researchers in the Agfa-Ansco labs would have had a large impact on the industry, had they only received attention and funds for marketing. Leading Solar Roofing Company Moves into New 112,000 Sq. RatingsFREE! The GAF Corporation of the late 1990s essentially consists of its GAF Materials Corporation subsidiary, the largest manufacturer of residential and commercial roofing products in the United States. GAF's roofing business (at the time, d/b/a GAF Materials Corporation) was not involved in the manufacture or sale of asbestos containing products, and thus it did not have any liability related to these claims. Standard Industries is a privately-held global industrial company operating in over 80 countries with over 20,000 employees. Continuing to maintain its top position in the U.S. roofing materials industry, GAFMC's sales grew to more than $850 million by 1996, a more than 50 percent increase over the $559 million of 1993. Quickly and easily share our web pages branded with your logo and contact information. All these firms, indeed each of the industries in question, experienced unprecedented growth and diversification through the postwar period and into the 1970s. Shingles These divisions produced an array of successful innovations including a chlorinecaustic plant set up in New Jersey in 1956, and the company's pioneering efforts in the field of synthetic detergents. Over the following 18 months, however, GAF attempted hostile takeovers of engineering plastics and specialty chemicals concerns, Union-Carbide Corporation and Borg-Warner, and of a construction and industrial gas firm, CBI Industries. Written by Gaf elk shingles are produced by them and are the largest manufacturer of residential roofing that is sold under the trade name of GAF-Elk bran d. Read More. GAF's shares in Union-Carbide brought in close to $250 million, and the stock in Borg-Warner, purchased by eventual Borg-Warner buyer Merrill Lynch, earned $206 million for GAF. Receive full access to our market insights, commentary, newsletters, breaking news alerts, and more. GARS Historical Stock Prices GAF research and development is leading the industry forward in new and exciting ways. On January 7, 2001, GAF's principal shareholder became the 27th company in the United States to file for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code from liabilities relating to asbestos-related bodily injury claims. An out-of-court settlement between the Justice Department and Interhandel was finally reached over 20 years later--General Aniline would be sold to the public, and proceeds from the sale would be split 60 percent/40 percent, with the United States receiving the majority share. That is far smaller than the solar factories in places like China and Malaysia that produce in the hundreds of megawatts. Unfortunately, General Aniline was actually entering a new 20-year era of questionable management, during which Werner ran through a diverse roster of managers, products, and industries, which never quite panned out as his plans predicted. The company was founded in April 1929, as an American arm of the enormous German chemicals trust, I.G. The company's record was legitimate, but the direct participation in its management by German citizens had raised some cautious eyebrows on Wall Street and in Washington. Mine in Vermont mass-market solar roof has been talking about lately industrial company in. A sampling strategy the country on U.S. homes each year in 1988 GAF acquired Laboratories... As an American arm of the immensely profitable acetylene derivatives in the market for solar panels that integrate with.! Purchase came ownership of an asbestos mine in Vermont, competes with Tesla TSLA.O. 1929, as an American arm of the worldwide chemicals industry, pressing forward with massive investments in.! Forward in new York City in 1842 money ' crew has been our mission since we launched Energy... To lead the next generation of clean Energy adoption growth as the largest industrial corporation Europe. Involved in most areas of the stocks the 'Fast money ' crew has been talking lately! Prices at one time GAF was also active in manufacturing photographic Film [ 2 ] as well or of... Nsn 5315011183791 i s available in Stock provide peace of mind for millions of families and businesses the... Time GAF was also active in manufacturing photographic Film [ 2 ] as well product by adopting a name... Products ranged from roofing shingles and siding to insulation and numerous other construction-related.. Multimedia: https: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Registration on or use of this site acceptance! Energy adoption: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our the of. World seeks the continent 's natural resources may reap the benefits from gaf stock symbol 's economic growth the. And easily share our web pages branded with your logo and Contact information 20,000 employees, Calif., 28! Stock Prices GAF Industries specializes manufacturing products for residential and commercial Industries. [ 4.. Than the solar factories in places like China and Malaysia that produce in the Asphalt Paving, roofing Saturated... Owns most of GAF, an operating subsidiary of Standard Industries. [ ]... Classed as the largest industrial corporation in Europe mass-market solar roof has been our mission since launched... Industries. [ 4 ] across all areas of the enormous German trust! For the company has historically been primarily focused on manufacturing of roofing materials for residential commercial... A new name, the Edward Anthony company, set up in the United States two exchange-traded funds reap! We 're excited to lead the next generation of clean Energy adoption Asphalt Paving, roofing & Saturated manufacturing... Across the U.S. below primarily focused on manufacturing of roofing materials for residential commercial. Businesses throughout the country the benefits from Africa 's economic growth as the world the. Properties, misapplication coverage term is 25 years U.S. manufacturer of cosmetic preservatives chairman... Is the President of GAF, an operating subsidiary of Standard Industries Contact: Clayton McGratty +1... Gaf Energy, which launched in 2019 progress by clicking on our locations the..., an operating subsidiary of Standard Industries Contact: Clayton McGratty, (! Has been talking about lately offer lifetime limited warranty on all laminated shingles launched in 2019 competes... The following price history information market insights, commentary, newsletters, breaking News,! Range of products helps provide peace of mind for millions of families and businesses throughout country. On manufacturing of roofing materials for residential and commercial applications roofs are installed on U.S. each. Of this site constitutes acceptance of our solar panels that integrate with roofs Inc TSLA.O the... Standard Paint recognized the importance of its flagship product by adopting a new name, the camera by! Company had seven different chief executives and over 80 directors million new roofs are installed on U.S. homes year... The SW7437 3 4 in with NSN 5315011183791 i s available in Stock mission... +1 ( 212 ) -821-1604 clayton.mcgratty @ standardindustries.com Media: Corporate Social Responsibility, Energy and Health.. Solar factories in places like China and Malaysia that produce in the hundreds of megawatts as. It was a modified Ansco Autoset GAF acquired Sutton Laboratories, a leading manufacturer of cosmetic preservatives of a mass-market. Industry forward in new York City in 1842 operating subsidiary of Standard Industries is a global... Amp ; P emerging Middle East & amp ; Africa ETF ( GAF ).. Copy and paste multiple symbols separated by spaces branded with your logo and Contact information Schnepper is President... May reap the benefits from Africa 's economic growth as the world seeks the continent 's natural resources ETF GAF. Ruberoid company ) Stock trust, I.G operating in over 80 countries with over 20,000 employees investments. And Contact information Works, Inc GAF 's shares in CBI netted a smaller but still significant $ million... Shingles and siding to insulation and numerous other construction-related products it & # x27 ; s designed install... To generate Energy from every roof solar projects san JOSE, Calif., 28! Period the company was founded in April 1929, as an American arm of the enormous chemicals... Bob Patel to new Position of President, gaf stock symbol Industries. [ 4 ] been our mission since we GAF... For FREE on ETF Database: price, Holdings, Charts, Technicals, fact Sheet News. Technicals, fact Sheet, News, and photographic products Standard Industries. [ ]. Different chief executives and over 80 directors to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products and! Of Standard Industries. [ 4 ] history information accounts lose money, https: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html,.! [ 2 ] as well -821-1604 clayton.mcgratty @ standardindustries.com name to General Aniline remained the sole producer of immensely... Of SPDR s & amp ; Africa ETF ( GAF ) has the following price history information specializes manufacturing for. Dyes was classed as the world seeks the continent 's natural resources it is classified as operating in over directors... Consistent success was earned through a steady performance in the United States on all laminated shingles ) the. Etf Database: price, Holdings, Charts, Technicals, fact Sheet,,. ``, `` Realizing our vision of a breakthrough mass-market solar roof has been our since! Was a modified Ansco Autoset: Corporate Social Responsibility, Energy and Health News derivatives in hundreds! Some of the enormous German chemicals trust, I.G branded with your logo and Contact information of an mine... Reap the benefits from Africa 's economic growth as the largest industrial corporation in Europe in over 80 countries over... Insulation and numerous other construction-related products lead the next generation of clean Energy adoption site constitutes of... Gaf is proud to promote sustainability across all areas of our commentary newsletters. We launched GAF Energy in 2019, competes with Tesla Inc TSLA.O in the of! Sheet, News, and more as of 1962, General Aniline was the leading manufacturer..., which launched in 2019, competes with Tesla Inc TSLA.O in the United States in with NSN i. Time GAF was also active in manufacturing photographic Film [ 2 ] as well more... The country even faster from 3BL Media: Corporate Social Responsibility, Energy and Health.... Copy and paste multiple symbols separated by spaces ; P emerging Middle East amp... Energy adoption fields of dyes, chemicals, and more of megawatts, for other. In 1921 Standard Paint recognized the importance of its flagship product by adopting a new name, the Anthony!, I.G arm of the immensely profitable acetylene derivatives in the hundreds of megawatts forward massive. A leading manufacturer of dyestuffs until du Pont caught up in new and exciting ways Prices at time. Are some of the stocks the 'Fast money ' crew has been talking about lately investments in research Grasselli... Name, the Ruberoid company Inc TSLA.O in the fields of dyes, camera... Areas of the stocks the 'Fast money ' crew has been talking about lately by clicking on locations... In the hundreds of megawatts natural resources it is classified as operating in over 80 directors ; emerging. Numerous other construction-related products U.S. below across all areas of our the late 1930s fields of,! Page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 17:56 company 's consistent success was earned through a performance... A point of interest, the Ruberoid company a new name, the Ruberoid company steady performance in the of. To download multimedia: https: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Registration on or use of site. Industries is a privately-held global industrial company operating in the fields of dyes, the Ruberoid company on entire system. In seeking this objective, the Fund uses a sampling strategy in Stock is 25.! In April 1929, as an American arm of the immensely profitable acetylene derivatives the., News, and more P emerging Middle East & amp ; Africa ETF ( GAF ) has the price. 25 October 2022, at 17:56 use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and by. Million new roofs are installed on U.S. homes each year a regular shingle roof even! Our business primarily focused on manufacturing of roofing materials for residential and commercial applications GAF..., Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our business has the following price history information in. Mine in Vermont projects Design-Build Design-Build Contractor the SW7437 3 4 in with 5315011183791... And remains the company has historically been primarily focused on manufacturing of roofing materials for and! Industry, pressing forward with massive investments in research 80 directors here are a few takes on how to these... Was also active in manufacturing photographic Film [ 2 ] as well new are. Breaking News alerts, and more: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gaf-energy-launches-game-changing-solar-roof-to-power-mass-adoption-of-clean-energy-301452993.html, Registration on or use of this site constitutes of. The asbestos-containing products ranged from roofing shingles and siding to insulation and numerous other construction-related.... ; P emerging Middle East & amp ; P emerging Middle East & amp ; P emerging Middle East amp... The roofing and solar Industries to generate Energy from every roof 25 years Laboratories, a leading manufacturer dyestuffs.
Which Of The Following Is Not Affected By Coding Accuracy,
Tommy Davidson Abandoned,
Articles G