Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. "[83], Mehmed stabbed to death another 14 year old Christian boy who "preferred death to infamy". I have read secondary sources by John Julius Norwich and Steven Runciman. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown. Fall Of Rome Dbq. The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle. This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century. The city's strategic location and wealth made it a major prize for conquerors, and its fall had far-reaching consequences for the rest of Europe. Task 3: Apply your understandingConstantinople in 600 CE . The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". [17][18] The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite Janissary regiments were positioned. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. [20]:374 The Ottomans deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . Byzantine relations with the rest of Europe had soured over the last several centuries as well: the Schism of 1054 and the 13th-century Latin occupation of Constantinople entrenched a mutual hatred between the Orthodox Byzantines and Roman Catholic Europe. Perhaps most important was the conflict that developed between the churches of east and west. 0. Orban, a Hungarian (though some suggest he was German), was a somewhat mysterious figure. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. PDF. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from land and sea while employing cannon to maintain a constant barrage of the citys formidable walls. The walls had recently been repaired (under John VIII) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks. . They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water. 10 Qs . The Ottoman besiegers vastly outnumbered the Byzantines and their allies. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. [110][bettersourceneeded] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. We are going to learn more about why Constantinople was so successful and how it benefited the Eastern Roman Empire The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives. "It is for the Faith! the Ghazi said. [98] After the conquest many Greeks, such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that's now known as Istanbul. [107][108] However many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. [1][2] Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege, who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan, provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 300,000[3][pageneeded] (Niccol Barbaro:[43] 160,000; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi[44] and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes:[45][pageneeded] 200,000; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev[46] and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio:[47] 300,000). Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. (14) $3.00. In the west, Latin was the language of scholars, diplomats, and the church. Leonard of Chios made accounts of the atrocities that followed the fall of Constantinople stated the Ottoman invaders pillaged the city, murdered or enslaved tens of thousands of people, and raped nuns, women and children: All the valuables and other booty were taken to their camp, and as many as sixty thousand Christians who had been captured. Fall of Rome Continuation of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Key to the Byzantine Empire's success = Constantinople What. In Constantinople, people spoke Greek. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home was published by on 2015-03-14. . The wordplay emphasizes its strategic position: in Turkish boaz means both "strait" and "throat". According to Sphrantzes, whom Constantine had ordered to make a census, the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the Latin Church. My friends and men of my empire! A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large galleys, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. Sultan Murad II laid siege to Constantinople in 1422, but he was forced to lift it in order to suppress a rebellion elsewhere in the empire. [31]:9697 Mehmed's massive cannons fired on the walls for weeks but due to their imprecision and extremely slow rate of fire, the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, mitigating the effect of the Ottoman artillery. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey", "Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society", "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism", "Body counts: the dark side of Christian history", "Saving the Third Rome. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". a year ago. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. The defenders attempted to attack the remainder of the Ottoman fleet in the Bosporus, but they were defeated. eis tn plin, "to the City"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. [note 8]. [23]:280, 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then Tuesday has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally. A fictionalized account of the Fall of Constantinople features in the opening chapter of Death's End by Liu Cixin. In Egypt good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated to celebrate this greatest of conquests. The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans,. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but. According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. A historical consensus has not been formed on the fall of the Roman Empire. Smith, Michael Llewellyn, "The Fall of Constantinople", in, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 14:44. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [32]:388, The army converged upon the Augusteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the . The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinoples ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. Updates? [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. how What are we learning today? [31]:81, Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. [84], Mehmed II granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. Five books have been chosen to review different speculations on . Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.[26]. The Fall of Constantinople is depicted in Season 1 of the Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. [74], According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Yet very little is said . The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. Continuities: The Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture. The Summons to Alexis 2. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed's son, Bayezid II.[97]. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. [31]:7778 However, this was the only cannon that Orban built for the Ottoman forces at Constantinople,[51][52] and it had several drawbacks: it took three hours to reload; cannonballs were in very short supply; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. Edit. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Constantinople-1453!! [31]:108[56] With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. by coachallam. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. Between 1346 and 1349 the Black Death killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople. It falls in 476 AD due to speculated reasons. The first target was the Byzantine garrison at nearby Galata on the other shore of the Golden Horn. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. SS.912.W.2.1 Locate the extent of Byzantine territory at the height of the empire. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. The attacking Ottoman Army, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. Document 1 . A rout of the defenders ensued, with many of the Venetian and Genoese fighters retreating to their ships in the Golden Horn. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. The fact that Constantinople, which was long known for being indomitable in the eyes of all, as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.[102]. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. The fall of Constantinople, and thus the end of the Byzantine Empire, was a crushing blow for Christendom. This allowed the sultan to send in another Janissary regiment and take the inner wall at the Gate of St. Romanus. 30 November 2015. History. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. [43], According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, Mehmed II "permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches", but tried to prevent a complete sack of the city. [40][pageneeded] Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span from 110 ships to 430 (Tedaldi:[44] 110; Barbaro:[43] 145; Ubertino Pusculo:[49] 160, Isidore of Kiev[46] and Leonardo di Chio:[50] 200250; (Sphrantzes):[45][pageneeded] 430). [32]:388 The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . Justinian built cities; he restored the Byzantine Empire to one faith, and he organized a uniform legal code. [48], Mehmed built a fleet (crewed partially by Spanish sailors from Gallipoli) to besiege the city from the sea. [40]:45, On 5 April, the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops, and the defenders took up their positions. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era: Crusade or dialogue. It is estimated that perhaps 60 million people lived within its borders. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfilment of a prophecy of the city's demise. [31]:93, Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city: one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles, under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus, respectively. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. DIVERSION TO CONSTANTINOPLE 1. Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[51][52]. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,[3][pageneeded] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio[47] and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire began in 27 BC. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us. the sultan mehmed built a fortress in the winter of 1451 that cut off constantine's shipment supplies. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.[19]. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second fortress (Rumeli hisar) on the European side of the Bosphorus,[27] several miles north of Constantinople. The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbour. [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. Criers roamed the camp to the sound of the blasting horns, rousing the Ghazis:[63], Shortly after midnight on Tuesday 29 May, the offensive began. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. 0. He also claimed the religion valued idle and unproductive people and also led to internal divisions. The Walls of Constantinople, especially the Theodosian Walls, were some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. Between 60,000 and 80,000 soldiers fought on land, accompanied by 69 cannon. The next major turning point was the Fall of Constantinople (or the Fall of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire (Islamic) invaded. One cause of the collapse of the western Roman Empire was the empire's vast (fill in the blank) Size. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. "Constantinople: city of the world's desire." New York, 1996. Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21, 23 and 25 May, and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a turning point? Mehmed II and his army were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople. The many bodies of water surrounding the peninsula gave Constantinople many trade routes as well as protection. [citation needed] The Venetian Barbaro observed that blood flowed in the city "like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm" and that bodies of Turks and Christians floated in the sea "like melons along a canal". On April 12 the sultan dispatched a contingent of troops to subdue two nearby Byzantine forts and ordered Baltaolu to rush the chain. [note 4] At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina gained autonomy. The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople, but they were costly failures. The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. The short lived Crusade immediately came to an end and as Western Europe entered the 16th century, the age of Crusading began to come to an end. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. Myles Hudson was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. If you know of any primary sources in English please post them for me!! [40]:39 In addition, the defenders were relatively well-equipped with a fleet of 26 ships: 5 from Genoa, 5 from Venice, 3 from Venetian Crete, 1 from Ancona, 1 from Aragon, 1 from France, and about 10 from the empire itself. Original text: ' ' . Barbaro added the description of the emperor's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. An Ottoman attack on a Venetian ship in the Bosporus prompted the Venetian Senate to send 800 troops and 15 galleys to the Byzantine capital, and many Venetians presently in Constantinople also chose to support the war effort, but the bulk of the Venetian forces were delayed for too long to be of any help. [69]:37. Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day. [32][pageneeded][31]:85 Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. [43], After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. [94], In the past we received our wounds in Asia and in Africain foreign countries. Volume 53. 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