[405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. Many millions died as the result of Japanese war crimes during World War II under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito.. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. See answer (1) Best Answer. Wiki User. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [653] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. What title was stalin given n 1922? [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. In Stalin's 1950 letter explaining his support for the North Korean invasion, the Soviet dictator was confident that . [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [190] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [648] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. He was a true believer". [684] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [668], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. Oleg Khlevniuk's recent biography suggests that Ordzhonikidze was far from viewing himself as Stalin's creature, and indeed that in 1923 Ordzhonikidze had sided Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. [712] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [205] Eager to prove himself as a commander,[206] once there he took control of regional military operations. [416] State repression intensified after Kirov's death;[417] Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [657] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [841] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. In 1922 he was appointed general secretary of the Bolshevik party with the help of Lenin. [222] In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia;[223] during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. 2.9). [658] It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered;[659] Beria has been suspected of murdering him, but no firm evidence has ever appeared. [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". Nevertheless, his regime has been widely criticized as totalitarian and is condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [927] In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Stalin. Lithuania Upon the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, he established himself as the most powerful man in the Soviet Union. [639] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [653] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [127] [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. Vladimir Lenin, Letter to the Thirteenth Party Congress. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. According to Wikipedia he was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but Krushchev was just premier IIRC. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [736] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[737] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". [800] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[801] owning around 2,700 records,[802] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [52] In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898. [48] They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding,[49] living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. [155] They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917,[156] where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [718] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [775] He was a good organiser,[776] with a strategic mind,[777] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. , suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary ]. Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Bolshevik party with the help of Lenin [ ]... 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