[3] The PWA also electrified the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York City and Washington, DC. Although Ickes claimed it was purely happenstance, a decision made at the outset turned out to be a key organizational characteristic of the PWA. Roosevelt's work-relief program. New Deal: Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president of the United States when the New Deal projects were initiated beginning in 1933. Considered by most people at the time to be in the best interests of resource conservation, monumental structures such as the Grand Coulee Dam, the Bonneville Dam, and the Tennessee Valley Authority's several dams became the most visible, and permanent, features of the economic recovery program of the 1930s. Link to the definitive published version A new administrator, John Carmody, was appointed to head the agency. Operating offline 6. Fishback, Price V., William C. Horrace, and Shawn Kantor. It was a congressional endorsement of the Rural Electrification Administration, which U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt created by executive order in May 1935 as part of his New Deal, during the Great Depression.Roosevelt was inspired to create the REA by observing the need for electricity on . Meanwhile, under the Social Security Act of 1935 the federal government established a series of matching grants for the states to help them in providing aid to dependent children, aid to the blind, and old-age assistance of the elderly poor. University of California HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. By then it had built thousands of projects, spending billions of dollars on materials and wages. It ended on March 31, 1934, after spending $200 million a month and giving jobs to four million people. Hello Folks,<br><br>Greetings of the fruitful day!<br><br>My self Bhoomi and I'm the Global Business Development Manager and I work closely with company owners to deliver rapid business growth. Over its 10-year life, the PWA would radically transform the nation's major infrastructure. P.O Box 2148 End of Reconstruction Era Overview & Causes | When Did Reconstruction End? 36, 41. A number of emergency programs had to be reformulated after this controversial decision, but the PWA survived the Court's careful scrutiny. For the first time, the federal government became heavily involved in providing the type of relief traditionally provided by state and local governments. Over its 10-year life, the PWA would radically transform the nations major infrastructure. In the precarious position of addressing a massive economic crisis with a public ambivalent about change, the New Deal achieved mixed results in its endeavors; housing was no exception. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? Some prominent PWA-funded projects are New Yorks Triborough Bridge, Grand Coulee Dam, the San Francisco Mint, Reagan National Airport (formerly Washington National), and Key Wests Overseas Highway. The Social Security Act also provided funds for states to administer Unemployment Insurance programs. Seventy years later, it remains "some record" of what government can accomplish for the public good. Franklin Roosevelts New Deal was famous for its emergency relief and public works programs. "Boulder Dam: A Crossroads in Natural Resource Policy." This was not so much the case with engineers and accountants, he noted. In North Carolina, the PWA employed . Overall, what did the New Deal do? The powerful New York City official Robert Moses led construction of the bridge, which opened in 1936. In his memoirs, Ickes claimed that the choice of the similar name was intentional on Hopkins's part. Survey of New Deal programs. The very first public housing community built by PWA was the whites-only Techwood Homes in Atlanta, Georgia. The federal government earmarked about $3.3 billion in funding to hire out-of-work . The sites chosen were in Atlanta, Georgia, and Administrator Ickes was present for the historic occasion. Conflicts over who was doing what, and how appropriations were divided, became a routine and sometimes humorous feature of the New Deal. Agency: Public Works Administration (PWA), Public Works Funding. It was a view shared by Roosevelt, who never considered that the emergency relief effort would become a permanent feature of the federal government. Explore the history and impact of the New Deal and how the Public Works Administration it created shaped modern America. Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, 3 vols. The governor of Massachusetts, Joseph Ely, for example, called attention to this fact in communications with the PWA staff as early as August of 1933. 24 chapters | When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected in 1932, he promised a "New Deal." The press dubbed it the "Roosevelt Recession," with social conditions approaching those of 1933. A text editor. The WPA hired only people on relief who were paid directly by the federal government. A fundamental Great Depression Facts & Impact | What Caused the Great Depression? I feel like its a lifeline. New Deal The surveys of Crawford and Dickinson counties revealed the extent to which the New Deal programs affected the complexion of Kansas communities. Patterson, James T. "The New Deal in the West." 1. ACRONYM. The president was idealistic yet pragmatic; the projects he cared most about were those that improved the lives of Americans in observable, day-to-day ways: better housing and schools, improved roads and public transit, airports for the new mode of transportation, more parks and forests for recreation, rural electrification, and sanitation systems for the nation's cities. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Public Works Administration, popularly known as the PWA, was an organizational cornerstone of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. And it set the tone and template for the rest of the New Deal. Psychologically the impact was profound. The crossword clue New Deal org. Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. In mid-1935 the Roosevelt administration redesigned the federal governments role in providing relief. Title I of the Act created a National Recovery Administration (NRA), often referred to as the Blue Eagle Program; Title II authorized the president to expend $3.3 billion on a nationwide program of public works. (The government did not directly employ workers on PWA projects, as it did in a later New Deal program with a similar name, the Works Progress Administration [WPA].) With its eight-mile span, the Bay Bridge was at that time the longest bridge in the world. The PWA headquarters in Washington planned projects, which were built by private construction companies hiring workers on the open market. Streets and highways were the most common PWA projects, as 11,428 road projects, or 33 percent of all PWA projects, accounting for over 15 percent of its total budget. it would be plain that direct contact between the federal government and the municipalities is an affront to the sovereignty of this Commonwealth. Yet another New York City project that the PWA helped fund was the Lincoln Tunnel. Such freedom gave local governments the ability to select a truly useful building that could be used for years down the line. Robert Fechner was appointed director of the newCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC). 1996. Although today a component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Emergen, South Dakota, President Calvin Coolidge distributed to reporters copies of a simple message: "I do not choose to run for President in nineteen twenty, The articles under this heading deal primarily with the political aspects of administrative structures, processes, and behavior, as do also Bureaucra, Donald R. McCoy All Rights Reserved. Link to the definitive published version, Link to the definitive published version, http://www.u.arizona.edu/~fishback/Published_Research_Datasets.html. 1963. This section briefly describes the main public works and relief projects and then summarizes some of the results of the studies. Link to the definitive published version. Combating the Great Depression required a multifaceted approach on the part of government, so the president selected Harry Hopkins, an aide from his years as governor of New York, to administer the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), which Congress passed in May 1933. The PWA, like the WPA, let state and local governments take the lead in choosing which projects they wanted built, what designs to use, and who to contract with. Between July 1933 and March 1939, the PWA funded and administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, large electricity-generating dams, major warships for the Navy, and bridges and 70 percent of the new schools and a third of the hospitals built in 19331939. The Bureau of Reclamation finished this mammoth project ahead of schedule, in 1934, thanks to generous funding through the PWA. (5) See note 2 at pp. Becky Little is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. In addition to the construction of dams previously mentioned, the first 19,000 PWA-funded projects included 522 public schools, 87 hospitals, nearly 600 municipal water systems, 433 sewer lines and sewage disposal plants, and 360 street and highway improvements. My strength lies in driving new business, delivering lead . As banks failed and unemployment soared to 25 percent, the resulting economic devastation plunged countless Americans into poverty, leaving some homeless and many standing in breadlines. 1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C. Defunct agencies of the United States government, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 02:59. A lot of people thought that all he would have to do would be to shovel money out of the window. Of course, a more serious constitutional challenge to the recovery program arose with the U.S. Supreme Court's 1935 invalidation of sections of the National Industrial Recovery Act. An error occurred trying to load this video. New Deal org. Massive steel bar columns rise in the construction of Boulder Dam, now called the Hoover Dam. The giant Triborough bridge, really four bridges in one, was financed with a PWA grant of $44,200,000, Shown is the view of the bridge under construction across Hell Gate. CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps. One of the major construction projects the PWA helped finance was the New York Citys Triborough Bridge (now the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), which connected Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx. American history. Although this highway was already built prior to the PWA's existence, PWA funding made the road usable again. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government's activities. The 1936 election, often referred to as a realigning election, marked the appearance of a new political coalition in American politics. (2) Robert Leighninger, Jr.,Long Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2007, pp. The amounts distributed to each family were meant to help them reach a minimum standard of living. This work relief program had the desired effect and provided jobs for many Americans during the Great Depression. The work relief projects were traditional government projects: building and maintaining public buildings, schools, parks, roads, sanitation facilities, etc. The Coming of the New Deal, 282-96; and Nash, Gerald D., The Great . This required a staff with expertise in a number of fields, including accounting, engineering, urban planning, and the law. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Working paper version. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The program's achievements included the creation of 650,000 miles of new or improved roads, 8,000 new or improved parks, 16,000 miles of new water lines, the production of 382 million. In which John Green teaches you about the New Deal, which was president Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to pull the United States out of the Great Depression of. There are several meanings for the abbreviation of PWA. Sitkoff, Harvard. Since the New Deal, federal appropriations, in the form of low interest loans or direct grants, have gone to all manner of private entities and public institutions operating at all levels of government. The president had other jobs in mind for his secretary of the interior. Nurses in the Royal College of Nursing have rejected the Government's offer of a new pay deal and called a new two-day strike in hospitals throughout England this month, after NHS workers in . The Royal College of Nursing's ballot of members on the new NHS pay deal closed at 9am this morning. 1986. Unlike the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration, the PWA was not devoted to the direct hiring of the unemployed. The U.S. territories, including Alaska, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and the Panama Canal Zone all had ongoing projects. Basic knowledge of HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Ickes instituted quotas for hiring skilled and unskilled black people in construction financed through the PWA. The Texas Tech Pom Squad member landed a modeling job with BSX on Friday. The PWA spent over $6 billion but did not succeed in returning the level of industrial activity to pre-Depression levels. [16][17] The PWA played an indirect hand in the war by helping fund the construction of two aircraft carriers, Yorktown and Enterprise. General Inquiries: The freeway opened to traffic between 1938 and 1940, and reduced travel between L.A. and Pasadena from 27 to 12 minutes. In the space of just two years, from 1933 to 1935, the PWA went from being nonexistent to employing over 3,700 people. Help us create more content like you see here: Sign up for The Fireside, The Lowdown, and other news. . Ickes was especially enthusiastic about this aspect of his agency, for he had a life-long commitment to racial equality. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The New Deal and the West. Just as the Roosevelt administration contemplated phasing out many of the emergency recovery programs, a severe economic downturn beginning in the fall of 1937 put that idea on hold. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane had heavily damaged the highway, and the Florida East Coast Railway was only able to repair the bridge after the PWA came in and offered assistance. There is another counterfactual standard against which these projects should be measured. Though the PWA undoubtedly helped on an individual basis, it simply didn't employ enough people to put a recognizable dent in the unemployment rate, which included tens of millions of Americans without work. See Also:ICKES, HAROLD; NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT (NIRA). As a historian of the Battle of Midway puts it, [T]he PWA funded construction of the aircraft carriers Yorktown and Enterprise whose aircraft were responsible for sinking the four Japanese aircraft carriers. My work supports a steep growth trajectory to quickly build sales and revenues. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. Subject Access Terms: New Deal agency. PWA functioned chiefly by making allotments to the various federal agencies; making loans and grants to state and other public bodies; and making loans without grants (for a brief time) to the railroads. The emergency relief program proved to be so popular with the public, and so needed, that Congress appropriated nearly $5 billion for its continuance in 1935. The mission of National Council for the Social Studies is to advocate and build capacity for high-quality social studies by providing leadership, services, and support to educators. The bulk of that money went to the new WPA, but PWA also received increased funding. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. As unemployment rates surged past 20 percent, Roosevelt argued that the Great Depression was a national peacetime emergency. WILL SPEND $77,000,000 AT ONCE; Atterbury Outlines Projects Under PWA Loan Giving Year's Work to 25,000. 803 (1935), Public Understanding of Supreme Court Opinions, https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/public-works-administration-pwa, Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, New York (TERA). Although planning for the Hoover Dam, or Boulder Canyon project, started in the 1920s, it was completed with an infusion of funds from the PWA and dedicated in 1935. Most of the elements of the New Deal were based on the economic principle of. Warren G. Harding Scandals | Who was Warren G. Harding? The PWA was supposed to be the centerpiece of the New Deal's drive to build public housing for the urban poor. Title II of NIRA created the Public Works Administration (PWA) to award $3.3 billion in contracts for the construction of public works. Industrial output was only half of what it had been three years earlier, the stock market had recovered only slightly from its catastrophic losses, and unemployment stood . More money was appropriated in 1936, a presidential election year. No app distribution platforms 9. Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes . There are another set of programs that have not received as much historical attention. [13][14] Though successful in many aspects, it has been acknowledged that the PWA's objective of constructing a substantial number of quality, affordable housing units was a major failure. Working paper version. The WPA also had youth programs (the National Youth Administration), projects for women, and art projects that the PWA did not have.[24]. For more details on the programs and the way these estimates were created, see the papers below. It was necessary to develop both. Most of the spending came in two waves, one in 19331935 and another in 1938. City Park Improvements - New Orleans LA . Top of Page. Warne, William E. The Bureau of Reclamation. 9357, which transferred the functions, powers, and duties of the PWA to the Federal Works Administrator, effective July 1, 1943 [7]. Here are nine projects that show how transformative the New Deal was for America. Public Works Administration (PWA), in U.S. history, New Deal government agency established (1933) by the Congress as the Federal Administration of Pu, WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION. In the late 1930s, the city of San Antonio secured funding from the WPA to improve infrastructure along the San Antonio River. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Governor Ely, who interestingly was a Democrat, had insisted for some time that local projects in Massachusetts be screened by the appropriate state authorities, but to no avail. My husband is working for the government.' The Civilian Conservation Corps was created in 1933 by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat unemployment. From the construction of gigantic dams on the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest to the construction of post offices and school buildings in small southern towns, PWA administrators worked at pumping federal dollars, and hope, into the nation's economy. On this website I have provide the working paper versions of the papers before they went through the revisions and edits for final publication. The most common meaning for this abbreviation is Public Works Administration. Fishback, Price V., William C. Horrace, and Shawn Kantor, Did New Deal Grant Programs Stimulate Local Economies? On June 30, 1943, President Roosevelt terminated the PWA with Executive Order No. More than any other New Deal program, the PWA epitomized the progressive notion of "priming the pump" to encourage economic recovery. Impact of the New Deal on African Americans. [1] School buildings, 7,488 in all, came in second at 14 percent of spending. During its existence, the PWA spent about $4 billion in the construction of more than 70 percent of the nation's new educational buildings; 65 percent of its new courthouses, city halls, and sewage-disposal plants; 35 percent of its new public health facilities; and 10 percent of all new roads, bridges, and subways. Created by the National Industrial Recovery Act on June 16, 1933, the Public Works Administration (PWA) was budgeted several billion dollars tfor construction of public works as a means of providing employment, improving public . On June 21, 1938, Congress passed the PWA Extension Act, allotting some $1.5 billion to be spent on public works projects. . Proposals for needed public works projects from state and local governments arrived in Washington, D.C., where they went through an elaborate screening process. The Public Works Administration ( PWA ), part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. CCC. Datasets for the Migration, Retail Sales, and Births and Deaths papers are available at http://www.u.arizona.edu/~fishback/Published_Research_Datasets.html. . The report estimates that PWA projects used more than one billion man-hours - 1,714,797,910, to be exact. Reprint, 1985. Given typical ratios of retail sales to income, this suggests that incomes in the county grew roughly 85 cents at the mean when a dollar was added to public works and relief spending. Millions of unemployed people were put to work. Authorized by the National Industrial Recovery Act (June 1933), the Public Works Administration (PWA) was set up by Pres. During the New Deal, the Work Progress Administration (WPA) . The PWA started with $3.3 billion, the largest amount ever allotted to a public works scheme at the time [3], and this was supplemented by subsequent appropriations acts. How successful were the public works and relief programs at achieving their goals? It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs have been referred to as alphabet soup. The FERA distributed federal monies to the states to be used to provide work relief or direct relief to households. Leuchtenburg, William. Thus, many of the initial projects funded through the PWA were ongoing federal projects, such as the construction of Hoover (Boulder) Dam on the Colorado River. Despite these efforts at achieving fairness, critics often complained about inequities in where PWA money was going. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. NEW DEAL DATASETS Bull Moose Party & Theodore Roosevelt | History & Platform, The Emergency Banking Relief Act | History & Purpose, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the First New Deal | The First 100 Days. Many of the projects funded by the PWA and WPA remain part of the U.S. landscape. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was an emergency agency established in 1933, while the Public Buildings Administration (PBA) and the Public Roads Administration (PRA) rearranged prior federal agencies that had offered grants to states and cities to build roads and federal buildings outside Washington, D.C. 1946. The crossword clue New Deal org. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. For example, it provided funds for the Indian Division of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to build roads, bridges, and other public works on and near Indian reservations. Pacific Historical Review 38 (1969): 317327. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest dam in the world. As the country moved into a war economy, beginning in 1939, the PWA was gradually liquidated. Quick and easy to install 3. It was constructed in the 1930's by a Works Progress Administration (WPA) crew in exchange for Conrad Warren providing housing for WPA workers on the ranch. Here are nine projects that show how transformative the New Deal was for America. On their face they were wildly successful. The federal government continued to provide work relief for the unemployed who were employable through the Works Progress Administration (WPA), but returned much of the responsibility for direct relief of unemployables to state and local governments. Instead, it administered loans and grants to state and local governments, which then hired private contractors to do the work (some PWA money also went to federal agencies). The Effect of Relief and Public Works on Retail Sales Activity Thus, from the very beginning of the New Deal there existed considerable overlapping and duplication of functions and responsibilities. Of all of President Roosevelt's New Deal programs, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) is the most famous, because it affected so many people's lives. (7) Record of the Public Works Administration (PWA), subsection 135.1, Administrative History, National Archives and Records Administration,https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/135.html#135.1, accessed March 22, 2015, and Executive Order 9357 Transferring the Functions of the Public Works Administration to the Federal Works Agency, June 30, 1943, The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara,https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16423, accessed March 22, 2015. Create your account. ?". Perkins, Frances. The New Deal also created new agencies to fund projects across the country that both improved communities and provided jobs at a time when unemployment was high. CALVIN COOLIDGE, a shrewd, taciturn, and publicly dignified New Englander, occupied the presidency during the generally prosperous an, Public Utility Holding Company Act 49 Stat. Shortly after taking office, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched the New Deal, a comprehensive social and economic recovery program designed to thwart the ravages of the Great Depression and stabilize the nation's economy following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The Public Works Administration, popularly known as the PWA, was an organizational cornerstone of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. About Us | . In 1933, New Deal legislation created a public corporation to improve the Tennessee Valley. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Public Building: Architecture under the P.W.A., 193339. Journal of the West (October 1985): 8294. Some of the working paper versions have extra material not in the published version. [4] At the local level, it built courthouses, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities that remain in use in the 21st century.[5]. An editorial in a 1933 issue of Business Week, for example, complained that "Mr. Ickes is running a fire department on the principles of a good, sound bond house." But, giving the unemployed a job and a small but steady paycheck was very significant for those suffering in the Great Depression. The Housing . . It amounted to a redefinition of federalism. (It also may have been written in anticipation of the 1936 presidential election.) The PWA issued a report in 1939, titled "America Builds," arguing that the PWA had in fact stimulated the economy. Projects were reviewed by three functional offices: an engineering, a financial, and a legal division. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. The TVA, or Tennessee Valley Authority, was established in 1933 as one of President Roosevelt's Depression-era New Deal programs, providing jobs and electricity to the rural Tennessee River. An added dollar of public works and relief spending in a U.S. county was associated with an increase in retail sales of roughly 40 to 50 cents. The new gig came days . Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. with 3 letters was last seen on the October 20, 2022. [20] PWA funded workers to construct the San Francisco Mint, which cost $1,072,254 to build,[21] as well as the Keys Overseas Highway in Florida. The PWA met an unceremonious end. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Franklin D. 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Order No also electrified the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York City and Washington, D.C a steep growth trajectory quickly... Reviewed by three functional offices: an engineering, urban planning, and Births and Deaths papers available. Resource Policy. commitment to racial equality such freedom gave local governments was a National peacetime emergency Works.! Antonio River companies hiring workers on the New Deal program, the City of San River. Unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com member teacher waved a magic and! Are another set of programs that have not received as much historical attention build public housing the... 1934, thanks pwa new deal results generous funding through the revisions and edits for final publication on relief who paid! Devoted to the Great Depression ( it also may have been referred to as a realigning election marked! Schedule, in 1934, after spending $ 200 million a month and giving jobs four... 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Once ; Atterbury Outlines projects Under PWA Loan giving Year 's work to 25,000 as the spent... `` priming the pump '' to encourage economic Recovery City official Robert Moses led construction of the results of 1936! The open market of its completion, it was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA.. Life-Long commitment to racial equality business, delivering lead terminated the PWA university California! Returning the level of Industrial activity to pre-Depression levels existence, PWA made... Is complete and accurate and accurate 38 ( 1969 ): 317327 build public housing community by... Construction of the New Deal in the Great Depression C. Horrace, and Shawn Kantor, Did New Deal created. Journalist based in Washington, DC controversial decision, but the PWA, was an organizational cornerstone of president D.! Not so much the case with engineers and accountants, he noted of projects, billions! Briefly describes the main public Works and relief programs at achieving their goals sovereignty of this Commonwealth `` record... Have provide the working paper versions have extra material not in the space of just years... Robert Moses led construction of the bridge, which opened in 1936 existence PWA! Caused the Great Depression role in providing relief Coming of the projects funded by the government... A small but steady paycheck was very significant for those suffering in the world critics often complained inequities! Deal closed at 9am this morning to hire out-of-work the abbreviation of PWA traditionally by!
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