Later that year the Republicans retook the White House, led by another reservationist senator and glad guest at the Longworth party, Warren Harding of Ohio. After making a quixotic run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964, Lodge served another tour as ambassador under Kennedys Democratic successor, Lyndon Johnson. Hughess successor, Frank Kellogg, promoted the outlawry of war with the Kellogg-Briand Pact once characterized as peace at no price.. (Close Reading) What does the data in the table suggest about who supported the Treaty of Versailles. He remained at Harvard for the next three years as instructor in American history and retained an active interest in this field throughout his life, editing scholarly journals and writing or editing works on major figures and events in the nations history. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage. While Chairman Lodge's attempt to pass amendments to . "Are we ready to give to other nations the power to say who shall come into the United States and become citizens of the Republic?" Also available in digital form. Privacy Policy, Our cause is noble; it is the cause of mankind! George Washington. No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfillment of noble ideals in the words 'league for peace.' Questions about Senate History? That was a battle of the grandsons for the same Senate seat; in 1916, the elder Lodge had defeated the grandfather for whom Kennedy was named. Download World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. "If we do this," he cautioned, "we are prepared to part with the most precious of sovereign rights. Lodge deeply disliked Wilson personally, and he was partisan enough to attack a policy simply because it came from the other party. When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. The stroke, soon followed by an unrelated but life-threatening infection, left Wilson isolated, physically debilitated, emotionally fragile and incapable of rendering sound political judgments. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. Wilson called this article the heart of the league, without which it would be a mere debating society. Critics charged that this article abrogated American sovereignty and violated Congresss constitutional war-making authority. Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. He succeeded in adding fourteen reservations to the treaty. He was thus in a position to mastermind the strategy of opposition to adoption of the Treaty of Versailles, including the League of Nations covenant. The final draft addressed many of the concerns that Lodge had raised in his February 28 address, but the Massachusetts Republican was implacable. The White House, at the direction of his wife, Edith, issued misleading reports that the president was suffering from nervous exhaustion and would soon recover. Look at the United States today. This recorded speech is by Henry Cabot Lodge, aU.S.congressman from Massachusetts. According to Lodge, how would involvement in the League of Nations weaken America? FAQ Even before the November 11, 1918, armistice, however, differences over America's role in the postwar world began to emerge as Republican demands for Germany's unconditional surrender contrasted sharply with Wilson's idealistic vision of a "peace without victory." words that were brilliant but often bitter." Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. On this day the 1919, the Senate spurned the Trade about Versailles that had finished World War I and provided for a new world body, champion by President Woodrow Wilson, called the League of Nations. . Democratic senators refused to negotiate on their own, and when Wilson was able to pay attention, he spurned all compromise. https://udayton.edu, Pope Francis makes an interesting point. (Contextualization, Corroboration) What might Document C and Document D both suggest about why some Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. (Corroboration) To what extent does Senator Johnson's speech corroborate Lodge's speech in Document A. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Standing always firmly by these great policies, we have thriven and prospered and have done more to preserve the world's peace than any nation, league, or alliance which ever existed. Less than a week later, Lodge offered a resolution signed by thirty-nine Republican senators, more than the one-third of the Senate necessary to defeat the treaty, declaring that the Leagueunacceptable "in the form 'now proposed"should be considered separately from the peace settlement and only after the conclusion of the treaty. Mass.). Henry Cabot Lodge Quotes - BrainyQuote. Oddly, the partys de facto guest of honor was the Senates reservationist in chief, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the Republican leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. We have made mistakes in the past. How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for America's involvement in World War I? We recommend installing the latest version of Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. He found most objectionable US participation in the League of Nations. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. Ordered printed January 28, 1916. When in 1919 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, Lodge became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. Henry Cabot Lodge Constitution of the League of Nations. Henry Cabot Lodge. He enjoyed some moments in the limelight he delivered the keynote speech at the 1920 Republican convention, and with his party back in power, he resumed his earlier role of a presidents foreign policy champion in the Capitol. The Patriot Post is steadfast in our mission to extend the endowment of Liberty to the next generation by advocating for individual rights and responsibilities, supporting the restoration of constitutional limits on government and the judiciary, and promoting free enterprise, national defense and traditional American values. Business Ethics - Stephen M. Byars . During Roosevelts presidency, Lodge had acted as his friends foreign policy point man and spokesman on Capitol Hill. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. Nevertheless, he had endorsed the mutual security pact with Britain and France a precursor to NATO that Wilson had attached to the Versailles treaty. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. Nor was Lodge an outright opponent of international organizations like the League of Nations. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. Our first ideal is our country, and we see her in the future, as in the past, giving service to all her people and to the world. The principles of the Farewell Address in regard to our foreign relations have been sustained and acted upon by the American people down to the present moment. It has been our cherished guide and guard for nearly a century. This World War I website is created and maintained by Alpha History. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard University. Terms of Use Henry Cabot Lodge: Speech Opposing the League of Nations (1919) Log in to see the full document and commentary. You can not found world peace upon the cynical "scrap of paper" doctrine so dear to Germany. The final Republican secretary of this era, Henry Stimson, tried without success to extend disarmament efforts, and he found himself stymied by Hoover when he sought to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria. What changed? In this speech, Republican Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations Henry Cabot Lodge speaks to the Senate about US sovereignty and the need for the nation to be cautious about Wilson's proposed League of Nations. Everybody hates war. Lodge and Wilson remained bitter enemies until Wilson's death on February 3, 1924. DeSantis Is Not Dead Yet, Stephen Moore One possibility is that Lodge saw the issue differently over the four-year gap in time. How anyone can say this passes my comprehension. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall and members of the press gallery passed notes to "the Great Opposer," complimenting him on his triumph, and even such an accomplished orator as Indiana Senator Albert J. Beveridge conceded that he could not recall "a . the civilization and the peace of mankind. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. The article concerning mandatories, for example, contains an argument and a statement of existing conditions. Lodge offered to support it only if substantial revisions were made in its key provisions, especially Article X, which in his view transferred from the Senate to the League of Nations the authority to wage war. He launched his political career in the state legislature (188081) and in the U.S. House of Representatives (188793) and then was elected to the U.S. Senate. "I think of the United States first." Names Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924. spk (Sourcing) To what extent is Lodge's speech reliable evidence of the reasons why Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919? - Wilson's usual reluctance to consult the Senate became even more pronounced once the Republicans were in the majority after 1918. In 1924 he was relegated to being a barely noticed rank-and-file delegate to the national convention that nominated Coolidge, a disdained Bay State rival. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard . At his urging, Senate Democrats refused to support the treaty with Lodge's reservations, and joined forces with the "irreconcilables"who opposed the treaty in any formto defeat it on November 19, 1919. 'Post equitem sedet atra cura,' Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. Lodge believed both the treaty and the League undercut U.S. autonomy in international matters. In the days that followed, several other senators proclaimed their opposition to the League on the Senate floor. The idea for the League, or a coalition of nations that would protect the sovereignty of countries . But isolationism was certainly in the air, especially under Herbert Hoover, who took office in 1929. (Close Reading) What is Lodge's argument in Document B. Borah's address moved Henry Cabot Lodge to tears. Document A - Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 ,Document B - Henry Cabot Lodge, 1915, Document C - John Milton Cooper, Document D - Senator Norris, & Document E - Senator Johnson. As it stands there is serious danger that the very nations which sign the constitution of the league will quarrel about the meaning of the various articles before a twelvemonth has passed. He began with the impassioned argument that the document repudiated George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, two sacred canons of American foreign policy. Internationalism is to me repulsive. What is said in the Senate ought to be placed before the peace conference and published in Paris, so that the foreign Governments may be informed as to the various views expressed here. I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. Lodge died in November 1924, nine months after Wilson and five days after Coolidges election victory. Mr. President: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. We were jubilant, she recalled later, too elated to mind the reservationists. For better or worse, his grandfathers and Alice Roosevelt Longworths fathers large policy had come full circle. In the speech, Lodge voices his opposition to joining the League of Nations. Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. The suggestion that we can safely sign because we can always violate or abrogate is fatal not only to any league but to peace itself. page 202 note 1. It remains a much-debated question whether such leadership through membership in the league might have insured a more robust response to Nazi, Fascist, and Japanese aggression and possibly prevented World War II. That the nations must unite for peace and protection. Also available in digital form. There are certainly many doubtful passages and open questions obvious in the articles which can not be settled by individual inference, but which must be made so clear and so distinct that we may all understand the exact meaning of the instrument to which we are asked to set our hands. We are told that we shall break the heart of the world if we do not take this league as it stands. Hewes, James E. Jr. (August 20, 1970). He did not close the door on temporary alliances. Washington was not only a very great man but he was also a very wise man. Do not think that I overstate this in the fondness of patriotism and with the partiality of one of his countrymen. beauty pie dupes (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B). I have never had but one allegiance - I cannot divide it now. When will it end? (Contextualization, Close Reading) What race issues was Senator Johnson likely referring to in California and in the South. Rich Lowry Possessed of an "ardent, somewhat effervescent temperament," he argued his nationalist sentiments with forceful conviction. If this is not done the instrument will become a source of controversy instead of agreement, of dissension instead of harmony. I have never had but one allegiance; I cannot divide it now. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. There is no court to fulfill the function which our Supreme Court fulfills. should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness," Lodge's address was a painstaking critique of the League's constitution. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. Irregular No. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive. Europe and Asia are to take part in policing the American continent and the Panama Canal, and in return we are to have, by way of compensation, the right to police the Balkans and Asia Minor when we are asked to do so. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. 1. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether. Proceedings of the . This address is limited as evidence because it is the perspective of only one senator. During his entire time in Saigon, Lodge acted like a proconsul and advocated ever larger American military intervention. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Dennis Prager Lodge was critical of the treaty, but not outright opposed not one of Longworths irreconcilables. His committee had attached a number of statements reservations to the Senates advice and consent to the treaty, defining and limiting Americas obligations under it. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. Initially he endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism in an address before the League to Enforce Peace (May 1916), but, when a world organization with compulsory arbitration was advocated by Pres. Weeks. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. One of the chief opponents of the Versailles Treaty was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R. / 1. ", The remainder of the speech was a litany of questions, objections, and requests for information, and a ringing plea: "We must bring our men back from France . Though Lodge claimed publicly that he was pleased to see the treaty go down in flames, he could not have been happy with the results. Washington declared against permanent alliances. That is the vital principle of the doctrine. Updates? (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. This site was updated last on May 15th 2021. The best years of his political life had started in the 1890s, when he and his best friend, Theodore Roosevelt, had agitated and conspired for war with Spain and for that momentous break with isolation, the acquisition of the Philippines. Statutory and legal language must assert and command, not argue and describe. But more important, he rejected the presidents aspirations because he believed Wilson went too far with his sweeping internationalist vision, which included equal treatment of all nations, arms limitation, freer trade, wider national autonomy and steps away from colonialism. Why We Ask: Our mission and operations are funded 100% by conservatives like you. It contains 132,0131 words in 229 pages. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Perhaps it is. ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. The League of Nations (French: Socit des Nations [ssjete de nsj]) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world. 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